acid mine drainage
phrasePronunciation: /ˈæsɪd maɪn ˈdreɪnɪdʒ/
Also written as: AMD — Acid Mine Drainage
Acidic water runoff from mining sites caused by oxidation of sulfur-bearing minerals exposed during extraction.
Full Definition
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a severe environmental contamination issue that occurs when sulfide minerals in exposed rock and mine waste react with water and oxygen to produce sulfuric acid and dissolved metals. This process creates highly acidic water with elevated concentrations of heavy metals that can persist for decades or centuries after mining ceases. AMD represents one of the most challenging aspects of mine reclamation, requiring long-term treatment and monitoring. The contaminated water can severely impact aquatic ecosystems, groundwater quality, and human health if not properly managed.
Plain English
Poisonous, rust-colored water that flows out of old mines and contaminates streams and groundwater for many years after mining stops.
In Editorial Context
A complex environmental legacy issue requiring careful explanation of scientific processes, treatment technologies, and long-term monitoring commitments in public communications and regulatory documents.
Etymology & History
Term emerged as environmental awareness grew and mining's water quality impacts became recognized as major pollution sources.
Initially called 'mine acid drainage' but terminology standardized as environmental regulations developed.
Usage
"The reclamation plan includes a passive treatment wetland system to address acid mine drainage from the abandoned coal workings."
Usage note: Always capitalize when using abbreviation AMD; distinguish from 'acid rock drainage' which can occur in non-mining contexts.
Context: environmental assessments, water quality monitoring, treatment system design, regulatory compliance
Region: international
Style guide notes: AP style: spell out on first use, hyphenate as modifier. Chicago: lowercase unless part of proper name. Use 'drainage' not 'runoff'
In Context
- "The abandoned copper mine generated acid mine drainage that contaminated the watershed for decades."
- "Remediation costs for acid mine drainage can exceed $50 million per site depending on flow rates."
- "Limestone treatment systems effectively neutralize acid mine drainage before it reaches groundwater."
Also known as
Contrasted with
Don't confuse with
Acid rock drainage can occur naturally while AMD specifically results from mining activities
Common mistake: Often abbreviated as AMD without definition, confused with general water pollution, or used interchangeably with metal leaching
Related Terms
Broader term: mine water contamination
Frequently Asked Questions
How long does acid mine drainage typically persist after mine closure?
AMD can persist for decades or centuries, with some sites showing contamination 100+ years after mining ceased.
What are the primary treatment methods for acid mine drainage?
Active treatment uses lime or limestone addition, while passive treatment employs constructed wetlands and limestone drains.
Which minerals are most responsible for acid mine drainage formation?
Pyrite and other sulfide minerals are the primary sources, oxidizing to form sulfuric acid when exposed to air and water.
Why Test Candidates on This?
Critical for environmental compliance roles; candidates must understand legal liability and remediation costs for mining companies
Required skill level: Mid