compartment syndrome
Condition where increased pressure within a confined anatomical space compromises circulation and tissue viability.
Full Definition
Compartment syndrome occurs when pressure within a confined fascial compartment rises to a level that impairs capillary perfusion and threatens tissue viability. This surgical emergency can affect any closed fascial space but most commonly involves the extremities, particularly the leg, forearm, and hand. In acute care surgery, compartment syndrome may result from trauma, ischemia-reperfusion injury, prolonged compression, or surgical positioning. Early recognition is critical as irreversible tissue damage begins within hours. Classic signs include pain out of proportion to examination findings, pain with passive stretch of compartment muscles, and late findings of paresthesias and paralysis. Diagnosis is confirmed by measuring compartment pressures, with surgical fasciotomy required when pressures exceed 30 mmHg or when the delta pressure (diastolic pressure minus compartment pressure) is less than 30 mmHg.
Usage
Usage note: Often preceded by 'acute' to distinguish from chronic exertional compartment syndrome.
In Context
- "Clinical signs of compartment syndrome prompted immediate four-compartment fasciotomy of the leg." — orthopedic surgery operative report
- "Compartment pressures of 45 mmHg confirmed the diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome." — emergency department consultation