tension pneumothorax
A life-threatening condition where air accumulates in the pleural space under pressure, causing cardiovascular compromise.
Full Definition
Tension pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space through a one-way valve mechanism, allowing air to enter during inspiration but preventing its escape during expiration. This progressive accumulation of air under pressure causes compression of the lung, mediastinal shift, and compression of the vena cava, leading to decreased venous return and cardiovascular collapse. Clinical signs include severe respiratory distress, tracheal deviation away from the affected side, absent breath sounds, hyperresonance to percussion, and jugular venous distension. This is a clinical diagnosis requiring immediate needle decompression followed by tube thoracostomy. Delay in recognition and treatment can be rapidly fatal.
Usage
Usage note: Often abbreviated as 'tension PTX' in clinical notes. This is a clinical diagnosis that cannot wait for radiographic confirmation.
In Context
- "The patient developed a tension pneumothorax following central line insertion, requiring immediate needle decompression." — Critical care documentation
- "Clinical signs of tension pneumothorax include tracheal deviation, absent breath sounds, and hemodynamic instability." — Emergency medicine teaching material