pericardial effusion
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space surrounding the heart.
Full Definition
Pericardial effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid within the pericardial sac that surrounds the heart. The effusion can be serous, hemorrhagic, purulent, or chylous depending on the underlying cause. Common etiologies include viral pericarditis, malignancy, autoimmune diseases, uremia, and cardiac trauma or surgery. The clinical significance depends on the volume of fluid and the rate of accumulation. Large or rapidly accumulating effusions can lead to cardiac tamponade, a life-threatening condition where the fluid compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. Diagnosis is typically made by echocardiography, which can also assess for hemodynamic compromise. Treatment ranges from observation for small asymptomatic effusions to urgent pericardiocentesis for tamponade.
Usage
Usage note: Specify size (small, moderate, large) and hemodynamic significance; distinguish from cardiac tamponade.
In Context
- "Echocardiography revealed a moderate circumferential pericardial effusion without tamponade physiology." — cardiac imaging report
- "The patient developed pericardial effusion following cardiac surgery, requiring drainage." — postoperative complication note