FMD
Also written as: FMD — Flow-Mediated Dilation
Flow-mediated dilation, a non-invasive measure of endothelial function using brachial artery ultrasound. Impaired FMD indicates endothelial dysfunction common in diabetes.
Full Definition
Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is a non-invasive ultrasound technique used to assess endothelial function by measuring brachial artery vasodilation following induced ischemia. The test involves inflating a blood pressure cuff to create temporary ischemia, then measuring the arterial diameter change upon cuff release. Normal endothelial function produces significant vasodilation through nitric oxide release, while impaired FMD indicates endothelial dysfunction. This measurement is particularly relevant in cardiometabolic medicine as endothelial dysfunction occurs early in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and is prevalent in patients with diabetes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome.
Usage
Usage note: Results typically expressed as percentage change from baseline diameter.
In Context
- "Reduced FMD of 3.2% indicated endothelial dysfunction in this pre-diabetic patient." — Vascular function study
- "FMD testing may help identify cardiovascular risk before clinical symptoms develop." — Research protocol