aortic dissection
A life-threatening condition where blood separates the layers of the aortic wall through an intimal tear.
Full Definition
Aortic dissection is a cardiovascular emergency characterized by separation of the aortic wall layers through an intimal tear, allowing blood to flow into the medial space and creating a false lumen. The condition is classified as Type A (involving the ascending aorta) or Type B (confined to the descending aorta) according to the Stanford classification, or by anatomical extent using the DeBakey classification. Risk factors include hypertension, connective tissue disorders, bicuspid aortic valve, and aortic coarctation. Patients typically present with severe, sudden-onset chest or back pain described as tearing or ripping. Type A dissections require emergency surgical repair, while Type B dissections may be managed medically unless complications arise. Complications include aortic rupture, cardiac tamponade, stroke, and organ malperfusion.
Usage
Usage note: Distinguish from aortic aneurysm, which is dilatation without dissection; specify Type A or B for clarity.
In Context
- "CT angiography confirmed a Stanford Type A aortic dissection extending from the root to the arch." — Radiological report
- "The patient's tearing chest pain and blood pressure differential between arms suggested aortic dissection." — Emergency department assessment