Gingival Hyperplasia
An abnormal overgrowth of gingival tissue, often drug-induced or associated with systemic conditions, resulting in enlarged gingival contours.
Full Definition
Gingival hyperplasia (also termed gingival enlargement or overgrowth) describes a non-neoplastic increase in the volume of the gingival tissues. The most commonly documented causes are phenytoin, cyclosporin, and calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine, as well as hormonal changes during pregnancy. The enlarged tissue creates pseudo-pockets that complicate probing and may impede oral hygiene. Editors should note that 'hyperplasia' (cell proliferation) is preferred over the older 'hypertrophy' (cell enlargement) in contemporary periodontal literature, though both appear in older records. The current AAP classification umbrella term is 'gingival enlargement'.
Usage
Usage note: Modern AAP (2017) terminology favours 'gingival enlargement'; 'hyperplasia' remains acceptable in histopathological contexts but should be used precisely.
In Context
- "The patient's gingival hyperplasia was attributed to long-term nifedipine therapy for hypertension." — Periodontal assessment report
- "Drug-induced gingival hyperplasia can mimic deep probing depths; the clinician must distinguish true pockets from pseudo-pockets." — Continuing education article