astrocyte
Star-shaped glial cells that provide structural and metabolic support to neurons in the central nervous system.
Full Definition
Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system, characterized by their star-shaped morphology with multiple branching processes. These cells perform numerous critical functions including maintaining the blood-brain barrier, regulating extracellular ion and neurotransmitter concentrations, providing metabolic support to neurons, and participating in synaptic transmission modulation. Astrocytes also play important roles in brain development, neuronal migration, and response to injury through reactive gliosis. Recent research has revealed their active involvement in synaptic plasticity and information processing.
Usage
Usage note: Distinguished from other glial cells by star-shaped morphology and specific functions.
In Context
- "Reactive astrocytes formed a glial scar around the area of traumatic brain injury." — Neuropathology report
- "The study examined astrocyte-neuron metabolic coupling in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis." — Research manuscript