autoimmune encephalitis
Brain inflammation caused by antibodies targeting neural antigens, requiring immunosuppressive treatment.
Full Definition
Autoimmune encephalitis is a group of inflammatory brain disorders caused by antibodies directed against neuronal cell surface proteins, synaptic proteins, or intracellular antigens. Unlike infectious encephalitis, these conditions result from the immune system mistakenly attacking the brain's own proteins. Common types include anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, anti-LGI1 encephalitis, and anti-CASPR2 encephalitis, each presenting with characteristic clinical syndromes. Patients typically present with altered mental status, seizures, movement disorders, or psychiatric symptoms. Early recognition and immunosuppressive treatment are crucial for optimal outcomes, as many patients can achieve significant recovery with appropriate therapy.
Usage
Usage note: Often preceded by the specific antibody type (e.g., anti-NMDA receptor autoimmune encephalitis).
In Context
- "The patient's presentation of seizures and psychiatric symptoms raised suspicion for autoimmune encephalitis." — Emergency department note
- "CSF analysis and antibody testing confirmed the diagnosis of anti-NMDA receptor autoimmune encephalitis." — Neurology consultation