parapneumonic effusion
Pronunciation: par-a-nu-MON-ik
Pleural fluid accumulation associated with pneumonia, which may progress from simple to complicated or empyema if untreated.
Full Definition
A parapneumonic effusion is a collection of pleural fluid that develops in association with pneumonia, lung abscess, or bronchiectasis. In pediatric patients, these effusions can be classified as uncomplicated (free-flowing, low LDH, normal pH) or complicated (loculated, high LDH, low pH, low glucose). Complicated parapneumonic effusions and empyema require drainage procedures such as chest tube placement or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Common causative organisms in children include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Early recognition and appropriate management are crucial to prevent chronic complications such as lung entrapment or restrictive pulmonary disease.
Usage
Usage note: Always specify whether the effusion is uncomplicated or complicated based on pleural fluid analysis.
In Context
- "The chest CT revealed a large parapneumonic effusion requiring thoracentesis for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes." — pediatric pulmonology consultation
- "Laboratory analysis of the parapneumonic effusion showed findings consistent with early empyema formation." — thoracic surgery note