encephalitis
Pronunciation: en-sef-ah-LIE-tis
Inflammation of the brain tissue, often caused by viral infections, autoimmune conditions, or other inflammatory processes.
Full Definition
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma that can result from infectious agents (viral, bacterial, parasitic, or fungal) or autoimmune/inflammatory conditions. In pediatric neurology, viral encephalitis is most common, with herpes simplex virus being a significant cause of focal encephalitis. Autoimmune encephalitis, including conditions like anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, is increasingly recognized in children and adolescents. Clinical presentation may include altered mental status, seizures, focal neurological deficits, fever, and behavioral changes. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial, as encephalitis can lead to significant neurological sequelae including epilepsy, cognitive impairment, and motor deficits. CSF analysis, brain MRI, and specific antibody testing are important diagnostic tools.
Usage
Usage note: Distinguish from encephalopathy (brain dysfunction) and meningitis (membrane inflammation).
In Context
- "The patient developed medically refractory seizures following viral encephalitis in infancy." — Medical history documentation
- "Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis was confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid antibody testing." — Diagnostic confirmation report