pneumothorax
Pronunciation: NEW-mo-THOR-aks
Accumulation of air in the pleural space causing partial or complete lung collapse, particularly concerning in neonates.
Full Definition
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural cavity that can cause lung compression and impaired ventilation. In pediatric patients, especially neonates, pneumothorax may be spontaneous or secondary to mechanical ventilation, surfactant deficiency, or underlying lung disease. Tension pneumothorax represents a medical emergency where increasing pressure compromises venous return and cardiac output. Clinical presentation includes sudden deterioration, decreased breath sounds, and chest wall asymmetry. Treatment may involve observation for small pneumothoraces or immediate decompression for larger or tension pneumothoraces.
Usage
Usage note: May be described as spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic depending on etiology.
In Context
- "Chest X-ray revealed a significant right-sided pneumothorax requiring immediate chest tube insertion." — Emergency department note
- "The ventilated neonate developed a tension pneumothorax with cardiovascular compromise." — Critical care documentation