encephalitis
Pronunciation: en-sef-ah-LIE-tis
Inflammation of brain tissue, typically caused by viral infections, autoimmune processes, or other inflammatory conditions.
Full Definition
Encephalitis is acute inflammation of the brain parenchyma that can result from infectious or non-infectious causes. Viral encephalitis is most common, with herpes simplex virus being a leading cause in adults. Autoimmune encephalitis, particularly NMDA receptor encephalitis, has emerged as an important non-infectious aetiology. Clinical presentation typically includes altered mental status, fever, seizures, and focal neurological deficits. The condition requires urgent evaluation and treatment, as outcomes depend heavily on early recognition and appropriate intervention. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis, neuroimaging, and specific testing for infectious or autoimmune markers.
Usage
Usage note: Distinguish from encephalopathy, which refers to brain dysfunction without necessarily implying inflammation.
In Context
- "Herpes simplex encephalitis was confirmed by PCR testing of cerebrospinal fluid." — Infectious disease consultation
- "Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis should be considered in young patients with psychiatric symptoms and seizures." — Emergency neurology guidelines