diabetic ketoacidosis
A serious acute complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis.
Full Definition
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening acute metabolic complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by the triad of hyperglycemia (typically >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (pH <7.30 or bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). DKA results from absolute or relative insulin deficiency leading to increased gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis with subsequent ketone body production. Common precipitating factors include infection, medication non-compliance, myocardial infarction, and stress. Treatment requires aggressive fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy, and electrolyte management, particularly potassium and phosphate replacement. DKA carries significant morbidity and mortality, with complications including cerebral edema, pulmonary edema, and thromboembolism.
Usage
Usage note: No hyphenation between diabetic and ketoacidosis; DKA is standard abbreviation.
In Context
- "The patient presented with diabetic ketoacidosis triggered by pneumonia and insulin omission." — Emergency department admission note
- "DKA management protocols require hourly glucose and ketone monitoring during insulin infusion therapy." — ICU treatment protocol