pericardial effusion
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space between the visceral and parietal pericardium.
Full Definition
Pericardial effusion refers to the pathological collection of fluid within the pericardial sac surrounding the heart. The fluid can be serous, hemorrhagic, purulent, or chylous depending on the underlying etiology. Effusions are classified by size (small <10mm, moderate 10-20mm, large >20mm echo-free space) and hemodynamic significance. Large or rapidly accumulating effusions can lead to cardiac tamponade, a life-threatening condition requiring urgent pericardiocentesis. Common causes include viral pericarditis, malignancy, autoimmune disorders, trauma, and post-cardiac surgery. Echocardiography is the primary diagnostic tool, though CT and MRI provide additional characterization. Treatment depends on size, symptoms, and underlying cause, ranging from observation to drainage procedures.
Usage
Usage note: Always specify size and assess for hemodynamic significance; distinguish from pleural effusion.
In Context
- "A moderate pericardial effusion measuring 15 mm was noted without evidence of tamponade." — Echocardiography report
- "The patient developed a large hemorrhagic pericardial effusion following cardiac catheterization." — Clinical note