encephalitis
Inflammation of brain parenchyma, typically caused by viral infections, autoimmune processes, or other inflammatory conditions.
Full Definition
Encephalitis involves direct inflammation of brain tissue, presenting with altered mental status, fever, headache, and often seizures or focal neurological deficits. Viral causes include herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, and arboviruses, while autoimmune forms like anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis are increasingly recognized. Diagnosis requires lumbar puncture, neuroimaging, and specific serologic or molecular testing. Prompt recognition and treatment are crucial, as outcomes vary dramatically depending on etiology and time to intervention.
Usage
Usage note: Distinguish from encephalopathy (metabolic brain dysfunction) and meningitis (inflammation of protective membranes).
In Context
- "HSV encephalitis was confirmed by PCR analysis of cerebrospinal fluid." — Infectious disease consultation
- "The patient developed autoimmune encephalitis with prominent psychiatric symptoms." — Hospital admission note