Lekholm and Zarb Classification
Pronunciation: LEK-holm and ZARB
A widely referenced system for categorising jawbone quality (types I–IV) and quantity (classes A–E) to guide implant treatment planning.
Full Definition
Introduced by Lekholm and Zarb in 1985, this classification describes bone quality on a four-point scale: Type I (dense homogeneous cortical bone), Type II (thick cortical layer with dense trabecular core), Type III (thin cortical layer with dense trabecular bone), and Type IV (thin cortical shell with sparse trabecular bone). Bone quantity is described in five anatomical classes (A–E) reflecting the degree of residual ridge resorption. The classification remains influential in implant literature and is frequently referenced when reporting surgical outcomes. Editors should note its age and the existence of newer systems such as the Misch bone density classification; when authors cite 'bone quality,' they must specify which classification system is being used.
Usage
Usage note: Always italicise or capitalise as a proper noun; when referencing bone type numerals, use Roman numerals (I–IV) and when referencing quantity classes, use uppercase letters (A–E).
In Context
- "Preoperative CBCT analysis classified the posterior maxilla as Type IV bone according to the Lekholm and Zarb Classification, prompting selection of a tapered implant." — Surgical planning report
- "The manuscript used the Lekholm and Zarb Classification interchangeably with the Misch D1–D4 system, an inconsistency flagged during copyediting." — Editorial review note