neuromodulation
Alteration of neuronal activity and synaptic transmission by neuroactive substances, distinct from classical neurotransmission.
Full Definition
Neuromodulation refers to the process by which neurons regulate and fine-tune their activity and that of other neurons through the release of neuroactive substances that act at sites distant from their release points. Unlike classical neurotransmission, which involves rapid, direct synaptic communication, neuromodulation typically involves slower, more diffuse effects that can modify the excitability, responsiveness, and synaptic strength of neural circuits. In neuroendocrine systems, neuromodulation plays a crucial role in coordinating complex physiological responses and integrating multiple inputs. Many neuropeptides and hormones function as neuromodulators, influencing everything from circadian rhythms to stress responses and reproductive behavior.
Usage
Usage note: Emphasize the distinction from direct synaptic neurotransmission when discussing mechanism of action.
In Context
- "Oxytocin's role in social behavior involves neuromodulation of limbic and cortical circuits rather than direct synaptic transmission." — neuroscience review
- "The therapeutic approach targeted neuromodulation pathways to restore normal hypothalamic function in the patient." — treatment protocol