compartment syndrome
Medical emergency caused by increased pressure within a muscle compartment that compromises blood flow.
Full Definition
Compartment syndrome is a surgical emergency characterized by elevated pressure within a closed fascial compartment that compromises blood flow to muscles and nerves. This condition can result from trauma, bleeding, swelling, or tight dressings. The increased pressure leads to ischemia, and without prompt surgical decompression (fasciotomy), permanent damage including muscle necrosis, nerve injury, and limb loss can occur. Classic signs include pain out of proportion to examination, pain with passive stretching, paresthesias, and late findings of pulselessness and paralysis. Immediate recognition and treatment are crucial for limb salvage.
Usage
Usage note: Distinguish acute (surgical emergency) from chronic exertional compartment syndrome.
In Context
- "The patient developed acute compartment syndrome requiring emergent fasciotomy." — Emergency department record
- "Compartment pressures measured 45 mmHg, confirming the diagnosis of compartment syndrome." — Surgical consultation