hyperbilirubinemia
Pronunciation: /ˌhaɪpərˌbɪlɪruːbɪˈniːmiə/
Elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood, commonly causing jaundice in newborns and requiring monitoring to prevent neurological complications.
Full Definition
Hyperbilirubinemia refers to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood, most commonly encountered in neonatal medicine where it manifests as physiologic or pathologic jaundice. Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin that requires processing by the liver for elimination. In newborns, immature liver function, increased red blood cell breakdown, and enhanced enterohepatic circulation contribute to elevated bilirubin levels. While mild hyperbilirubinemia is common and often physiologic, severe cases can lead to kernicterus, a form of brain damage caused by bilirubin deposition in the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei. Management includes phototherapy, exchange transfusion in severe cases, and treatment of underlying causes such as hemolysis or infection. Risk factors include prematurity, blood group incompatibilities, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and breastfeeding difficulties.
Usage
Usage note: Specify direct vs. indirect bilirubin when clinically relevant; distinguish physiologic from pathologic causes.
In Context
- "The term newborn developed significant hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy with bilirubin levels of 18 mg/dL." — Newborn nursery progress note
- "Exchange transfusion was performed for severe hyperbilirubinemia unresponsive to intensive phototherapy." — NICU procedure note