respiratory distress syndrome
Also written as: RDS — respiratory distress syndrome
A breathing disorder affecting premature newborns caused by insufficient surfactant production in immature lungs.
Full Definition
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), also known as neonatal respiratory distress syndrome or hyaline membrane disease, is a common condition affecting premature infants due to surfactant deficiency. Surfactant, a phospholipid complex produced by type II pneumocytes, reduces surface tension in the alveoli and prevents collapse during expiration. In premature infants, particularly those born before 34 weeks gestation, inadequate surfactant production leads to alveolar collapse, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and progressive respiratory failure. The condition typically presents immediately after birth with tachypnea, retractions, grunting, and cyanosis. Chest radiographs show characteristic bilateral ground-glass opacities with air bronchograms. Treatment includes surfactant replacement therapy, respiratory support, and supportive care. Antenatal corticosteroids can significantly reduce the incidence and severity of RDS.
Usage
Usage note: Specify 'neonatal' when context unclear; distinguish from adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
In Context
- "The 28-week preterm infant developed respiratory distress syndrome requiring intubation and surfactant administration." — NICU admission note
- "Chest radiograph showed bilateral ground-glass opacities consistent with respiratory distress syndrome." — Neonatal radiology report