postpartum hemorrhage
Pronunciation: HEM-or-ij
Excessive bleeding following delivery, defined as blood loss greater than 500 mL after vaginal delivery or 1000 mL after cesarean delivery.
Full Definition
Abnormal bleeding following childbirth, traditionally defined as blood loss exceeding 500 mL after vaginal delivery or 1000 mL after cesarean delivery, though any bleeding that causes hemodynamic instability is considered significant regardless of volume. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is classified as primary (within 24 hours of delivery) or secondary (between 24 hours and 6 weeks postpartum). The most common cause is uterine atony (failure of the uterus to contract adequately), but other causes include retained placental tissue, genital tract lacerations, and coagulopathy. Management follows a systematic approach including uterine massage, pharmacological agents (oxytocin, misoprostol, methylergonovine), surgical interventions, and blood product replacement as needed. PPH remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Usage
Usage note: PPH is acceptable abbreviation. Always quantify blood loss and specify primary vs. secondary when applicable.
In Context
- "Primary PPH was managed with uterine massage and intravenous oxytocin." — Postpartum complication note
- "The patient developed postpartum hemorrhage requiring blood transfusion and emergency hysterectomy." — Operative report