central diabetes insipidus
Condition caused by deficient production or release of antidiuretic hormone, resulting in excessive urination and thirst.
Full Definition
A disorder characterized by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland, leading to the inability to concentrate urine appropriately. Central diabetes insipidus results in the production of large volumes of dilute urine (polyuria) and compensatory excessive thirst (polydipsia). In children, this condition may be congenital due to genetic mutations, or acquired secondary to head trauma, brain tumors (especially craniopharyngioma), neurosurgery, or infiltrative diseases. Clinical presentation includes urine output typically exceeding 4-5 mL/kg/hour, urine osmolality below 300 mOsm/kg, and preferential intake of water over other fluids. Diagnosis is confirmed through water deprivation testing and desmopressin (DDAVP) stimulation tests. Treatment involves desmopressin replacement therapy with careful monitoring to prevent water intoxication.
Usage
Usage note: Distinguish clearly from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus in clinical documentation.
In Context
- "Post-operative central diabetes insipidus developed following craniopharyngioma resection, requiring DDAVP replacement therapy." — Surgical follow-up note
- "Central diabetes insipidus should be suspected in any child with sudden onset of polyuria and polydipsia following head trauma." — Emergency medicine guideline