late-onset sepsis LOS
Bacterial bloodstream infection occurring after 72 hours of life, typically acquired from the hospital environment and commonly associated with invasive devices.
exchange transfusion
Procedure removing and replacing patient's blood to treat severe hyperbilirubinemia or hemolytic disease.
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Mechanical cardiopulmonary support that oxygenates blood outside the body.
extremely low birth weight
Birth weight classification for infants weighing less than 1,000 grams (approximately 2 pounds, 3 ounces).
extremely preterm
Gestational age classification for infants born before 28 completed weeks of pregnancy, representing the highest-risk pr...
FiO2
Fraction of inspired oxygen concentration delivered to a patient, expressed as a decimal or percentage.
gastroschisis
Congenital abdominal wall defect with intestinal herniation beside the umbilicus.
gavage
Feeding method using a tube inserted through the nose or mouth directly into the stomach for infants unable to feed oral...
gavage feeding
Method of delivering nutrition through a tube placed in the stomach, used for premature infants unable to coordinate suc...
gestational age assessment
Clinical evaluation to determine an infant's maturity level based on physical and neurological characteristics.
grunting
Audible sound made during expiration as a compensatory mechanism to maintain lung volume and improve oxygenation.
Guthrie card
Standard filter paper card used to collect dried blood spots from newborns for metabolic screening programs.
high-flow nasal cannula
Respiratory support delivering heated, humidified gas at flows exceeding patient's inspiratory demand.
high-frequency oscillatory ventilation
Ventilation technique using rapid, small-volume oscillations to minimize lung injury.
hydrops fetalis
Severe fetal edema with fluid accumulation in body cavities, often indicating serious underlying pathology requiring imm...
hyperbilirubinemia
Elevated levels of bilirubin in newborn blood, potentially causing jaundice and requiring treatment to prevent brain dam...
hyperoxia test
Diagnostic test using 100% oxygen to differentiate between cardiac and pulmonary causes of cyanosis in newborns.
hypocalcemia
Abnormally low blood calcium levels in neonates, often causing seizures, jitteriness, or feeding difficulties.
hypoglycemia
Abnormally low blood glucose levels in newborns, potentially causing neurological damage if severe or prolonged.
intrauterine growth restriction
Impaired fetal growth resulting in birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age.
intraventricular hemorrhage
Bleeding into the brain's ventricular system, most commonly occurring in very premature infants.
isolette
Enclosed incubator providing controlled temperature, humidity, and oxygen environment for premature or critically ill ne...
IUGR
Intrauterine growth restriction, a condition where fetal growth is significantly impaired during pregnancy.
kangaroo care
Skin-to-skin contact between parent and infant, particularly beneficial for preterm babies.
kernicterus
Severe form of neonatal jaundice causing permanent neurological damage due to bilirubin deposition in brain tissue.